Separating the superradiant emission from the Hawking radiation from a rotating black hole

TL;DR

This paper distinguishes superradiant emission from Hawking radiation in rotating black holes, explicitly calculating superradiance for scalar particles and clarifying their differences, especially in extremal black holes.

Contribution

It provides a clear calculation separating superradiant emission from Hawking radiation, resolving misconceptions in the literature.

Findings

Superradiance persists in extremal black holes with zero Hawking temperature.

Superradiant emission is distinct from total Hawking radiation.

Explicit calculations for scalar particles demonstrate the difference.

Abstract

Emission of particles created in the background of a rotating black hole can be greatly amplified taking away rotational energy of a black hole. This amplification affects both particles created near the horizon (due to the Hawing effect), and particles created near the potential barrier far from the horizon. Only the latter effect is called the superradiance in the strict sense. We explicitly calculate the superradiant emission for scalar particles and compare it with the total scalar particle emission (Hawking radiation plus superradiance) to clarify some confusion in the literature. We clearly show that these two emissions are not the same. In particular, superradiance persists even for extremal black holes whose Hawking temperature is zero.