Stretching Behavior of Knotted and Unknotted Flow Fields

TL;DR

This paper investigates how vortex topology influences stretching behavior in flow fields, revealing that knotted vortices cause exponential stretching through bight formation, unlike unknotted configurations.

Contribution

It demonstrates the link between vortex topology and stretching behavior, introducing the role of bights in exponential growth of material lines in knotted flows.

Findings

Knotted vortices cause exponential stretching of material lines.

Bight formation predicts the stretching rate.

Exponential stretching is confirmed by Lyapunov exponents.

Abstract

Vortex stretching is a common feature of many complex flows, including turbulence. Experiments and simulations of isolated vortex knots demonstrate that this behavior can also be seen in relatively simple systems, and appears to be dependent on vortex topology. Here we simulate the advection of material lines in the frozen flow fields of vortices on the surface of a torus. We find that knotted configurations lead to exponential stretching behavior which is qualitatively different than that observed by collections of unknots. This stretching can be explained by the formation of bights, sharp bends in the material lines which can be used to predict the stretching rate. This behavior is confirmed by computing the finite time Lyapunov exponents of the flow fields, which demonstrate the exponential stretching is mediated by bight forming regions between the vortex lines. This work both establishes a clear connection between topology and stretching behavior, as well as providing an intuitive mechanism for exponential growth of material lines in knotted flows.