Kinematics of the Local Group gas and galaxies in the Hestia simulations

TL;DR

This study uses high-resolution simulations to analyze the kinematic behavior of gas and galaxies in the Local Group, revealing a natural formation of a velocity dipole pattern consistent with observations, supporting a streaming infall scenario.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the observed velocity dipole in the Local Group naturally emerges from realistic cosmological simulations, confirming the infall motion of gas and galaxies towards the barycenter.

Findings

Velocity dipole pattern is a natural outcome of the simulations.

Gas and galaxies stream towards the LG barycenter.

Simulation results support the infall scenario observed in the LG.

Abstract

The Local Group (LG) consists of two giant spiral galaxies, the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31), and several smaller galaxies. The MW and M31 are approaching each other at a radial velocity of about $-109\,$km\,s$^{-1}$. Observational evidence suggests that there is an overall infalling motion of gas and galaxies in the LG, dominated by the dynamics of its two main members. From our perspective, this flow imprints a velocity dipole pattern in the sky when Galactic rotation is removed. We investigate the kinematic properties of gas and galaxies in the LG using a suite of high-resolution simulations performed by the {\sc Hestia} (High-resolution Environmental Simulations of The Immediate Area) collaboration. Our simulations include the correct cosmography surrounding LG-like regions. We build sky maps from the local, Galactic and LG standard of rest reference frames. Our findings show that the establishment of a radial velocity dipole near the preferred barycentre direction is a natural outcome of simulation kinematics for material \textit{outside} the MW virial radius after removing galaxy rotation when the relative radial velocity of MW and M31 is similar to the observed value. These results favour a scenario where gas and galaxies stream towards the LG barycentre, producing the observed velocity dipole.