Sixty Years of Quantized Circulation

TL;DR

This paper reviews six decades of research on quantized vortices in superfluid helium, highlighting experimental findings, vortex behaviors, and the evolution of vibrating wire techniques for studying superfluid flow.

Contribution

It revisits and expands on Vinen's original data, clarifying vortex properties, behaviors, and the significance of partial vortex detachment in superfluid dynamics.

Findings

Non-quantized circulation occurs with partial vortex coverage.

Vortex motion induces measurable circulation changes.

Signatures include circular vortex motion and Kelvin waves.

Abstract

Vinen's vibrating wire experiment detected quantized vortices in superfluid 4He, with the anticipated circulation quantum h/m. In addition to this main result, Vinen used his data to propose other properties and behaviors of vortices, which are revisited here. Subsequent work confirmed that non-quantized values occur when vortices cover only part of the wire's length, and that the size of the covered section can change easily. Any motion of the detached portion of the vortex induces changes in the circulation around the wire, which provides a means of tracking the free vortex. Particularly distinctive signatures correspond to a circular motion of the vortex through the cell and to Kelvin waves along the free vortex. Another issue, the lack of stability of multi-quantum states, can also be explained through simple arguments, in which the possibility of a partially detached vortex again plays a key role. Vibrating wire measurements descended from Vinen's continue to probe superfluid flow.