Classification of the \emph{Fermi}-LAT Blazar Candidates of Uncertain type using eXtreme Gradient Boosting

TL;DR

This study applies the XGBoost machine learning algorithm to classify uncertain blazar sources from the Fermi-LAT catalog using multi-wavelength data, achieving improved accuracy over previous neural network methods.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of XGBoost in classifying blazar subclasses using multi-wavelength features, outperforming prior neural network approaches.

Findings

62 BCUs classified as BL Lacs

6 BCUs classified as FSRQs

Gamma-ray spectral index and IR colors are key features

Abstract

Machine learning based approaches are emerging as very powerful tools for many applications including source classification in astrophysics research due to the availability of huge high quality data from different surveys in observational astronomy. The Large Area Telescope on board \emph{Fermi} satellite (\emph{Fermi}-LAT) has discovered more than 6500 high energy gamma-ray sources in the sky from its survey over a decade. A significant fraction of sources observed by the \emph{Fermi}-LAT either remains unassociated or has been identified as \emph{Blazar Candidates of Uncertain type} (BCUs). We explore the potential of eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)- a supervised machine learning algorithm to identify the blazar subclasses among a sample of 112 BCUs of the 4FGL catalog whose X-ray counterparts are available within 95$\%$ uncertainty regions of the \emph{Fermi}-LAT observations. We have used information from the multi-wavelength observations in IR, optical, UV, X-ray and $\gamma$-ray wavebands along with the redshift measurements reported in the literature for classification. Among the 112 uncertain type blazars, 62 are classified as BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) and 6 have been classified as Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs). This indicates a significant improvement with respect to the multi-perceptron neural network based classification reported in the literature. Our study suggests that the gamma-ray spectral index, and IR color indices are the most important features for identifying the blazar subclasses using the \emph{XGBoost} classifier. We also explore the importance of redshift in the classification BCU candidates.