Sustainable RF Wireless Energy Transfer for Massive IoT: enablers and challenges

TL;DR

This paper explores sustainable RF wireless energy transfer for massive IoT, emphasizing economic, social, and environmental aspects, and discusses models, technologies, and challenges for deploying energy-efficient, scalable, and eco-friendly IoT power solutions.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of sustainable wireless energy transfer, including modeling, deployment strategies, and integration with energy harvesting, addressing key challenges for scalable IoT energy solutions.

Findings

Ambient energy sources can be effectively modeled for IoT applications.

Integrating energy harvesting with wireless transfer enhances sustainability.

Low-complexity architectures at transmitters improve efficiency.

Abstract

Reliable energy supply remains a crucial challenge in the Internet of Things (IoT). Although relying on batteries is cost-effective for a few devices, it is neither a scalable nor a sustainable charging solution as the network grows massive. Besides, current energy-saving technologies alone cannot cope, for instance, with the vision of zero-energy devices and the deploy-and-forget paradigm which can unlock a myriad of new use cases. In this context, sustainable radio frequency wireless energy transfer emerges as an attractive solution for efficiently charging the next generation of ultra low power IoT devices. Herein, we highlight that sustainable charging is broader than conventional green charging, as it focuses on balancing economy prosperity and social equity in addition to environmental health. We discuss the economic implications of powering energy transmitters with ambient energy sources, and reveal insights on their optimal deployment. Moreover, we overview different methods for modeling the energy arrival process of ambient energy sources and discuss their application in different use cases. We highlight the potential of integrating sustainable WET with energy harvesting from nearby transmitters and discuss enhancements in energy receiver design. We also illustrate the role of different technologies in enabling sustainable WET and exemplify various use cases. Besides, we reveal insights into low-complexity architectures designed at the energy transmitters. We highlight relevant research challenges and candidate solutions.