Quantifying the Topology of Magnetic Skyrmions in three Dimensions

TL;DR

This paper presents a method to reconstruct and analyze the three-dimensional spin texture of magnetic skyrmions, revealing non-uniform topological features across their thickness, which advances understanding for spintronics device design.

Contribution

It introduces a high-resolution 3D imaging technique for skyrmions and demonstrates their complex internal structure, bridging experimental data with micromagnetic theory.

Findings

Skyrmion topology varies across thickness

Non-uniform energetic interactions influence structure

Experimental results align with simulations

Abstract

Magnetic skyrmions have so far been treated as two-dimensional spin structures characterized by a topological winding number describing the rotation of spins across the skyrmion. However, in real systems with a finite thickness of the material being larger than the magnetic exchange length, the skyrmion spin texture extends into the third dimension and cannot be assumed as homogeneous. Using soft x-ray laminography we reconstruct with about 20nm spatial (voxel) resolution the full three-dimensional spin texture of a skyrmion in an 800 nm diameter and 95 nm thin disk patterned into a trilayer [Ir/Co/Pt] thin film structure. A quantitative analysis finds that the evolution of the radial profile of the topological skyrmion number and the chirality is non-uniform across the thickness of the disk. Estimates of local micromagnetic energy densities suggest that the changes in topological profile are related to non-uniform competing energetic interactions. Theoretical calculations and micromagnetic simulations are consistent with the experimental findings. Our results provide the foundation for nanoscale magnetic metrology for future tailored spintronics devices using topology as a design parameter, and have the potential to reverse-engineer a spin Hamiltonian from macroscopic data, tying theory more closely to experiment.