Electromagnetic Transition Form Factors of Baryon Resonances

TL;DR

This paper reviews recent experimental and theoretical progress in understanding the electromagnetic structure of baryon resonances, emphasizing new methods, data analysis, and the interplay of lattice QCD, chiral EFT, and quark models across different momentum transfer regimes.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of experimental data, theoretical approaches, and formulas for transition form factors, highlighting advances and future directions in baryon resonance studies.

Findings

Enhanced understanding of $ ext{γ}^* N o N^*$ reactions.

Validation of theoretical models with experimental data.

Formulas for helicity amplitudes and multipole form factors for various resonances.

Abstract

Recent experimental and theoretical advancements have led to significant progress in our understanding of the electromagnetic structure of nucleons ($N$), nucleon excitations ($N^\ast$), and other baryons. These breakthroughs have been made possible by the capabilities of modern facilities, enabling the induction of photo- and electro-excitation of nucleon resonances. Recent experimental advances have sparked notable developments in theoretical approaches. New theoretical methods have been tested and proven to be robust, marking the beginning of a new era in our understanding on baryons. We present a comprehensive review of progress in experimental data on $\gamma^\ast N \to N^\ast$ reactions. Additionally, we discuss various analyses and theoretical results. Some of these methods have matured in their predictive power, offering new perspectives on exotic hadrons with multiquark components. We place special emphasis on both the low-$Q^2$ and large-$Q^2$ regions to reinforce crucial physical constraints on observables that hold in these limits. Furthermore, we illustrate that the combination of lattice QCD with chiral effective field theory and quark models, respectively, proves beneficial in interpreting data and applying constraints within those different regimes. As a practical contribution and for future reference, we review the formulas for helicity amplitudes, multipole form factors and the relations between these two sets of functions for transitions to resonances with general spin $J \geq \frac{1}{2}$. These formulas are ubiquitous and play a pivotal role in experimental and theoretical studies on baryon structure. Notably, the multipole transition form factors for $J \ge \frac{3}{2}$ resonances serve as valuable tools to test perturbative QCD results in the large-$Q^2$ region, thanks to the correlations between electric and magnetic transition form factors.