Type I critical dynamical scalarization and descalarization in Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory

TL;DR

This paper studies the critical dynamical scalarization and descalarization of black holes in Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory, revealing first-order phase transitions and unstable static solutions, with insights from static and perturbative analyses.

Contribution

It introduces the analysis of critical dynamical scalarization/descalarization in Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory with higher-order couplings, highlighting their phase transition nature and unstable solutions.

Findings

Critical scalarization/descalarization are first-order phase transitions.

Critical solutions are linearly unstable static scalarized black holes.

Differences exist between these phenomena and type I critical gravitational collapse.

Abstract

We investigated the critical dynamical scalarization and descalarization of black holes within the framework of the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory featuring higher-order coupling functions. Both the critical scalarization and descalarization displayed first-order phase transitions. When examining the nonlinear dynamics near the threshold, we always observed critical solutions that are linearly unstable static scalarized black holes. The critical dynamical scalarization and descalarization share certain similarities with the type I critical gravitational collapse. However, their initial configurations, critical solutions, and final outcomes differ significantly. To provide further insights into the dynamical results, we conducted a comparative analysis involving static solutions and perturbative analysis.