Beat Pilot Tone (BPT): Simultaneous MR Imaging and RF Motion Sensing at Arbitrary Frequencies

TL;DR

This paper introduces Beat Pilot Tone (BPT), a novel RF motion sensing method that uses arbitrary frequency tones during MRI scans to detect various types of motion with high sensitivity and frequency flexibility.

Contribution

BPT enables simultaneous RF motion monitoring at arbitrary frequencies, expanding the capabilities of MRI scanners for motion detection beyond existing methods.

Findings

BPT can sense cardiac-induced vibrations at microwave frequencies.

BPT shows greater sensitivity and motion type separation than Pilot Tone.

Experimental validation demonstrates BPT's effectiveness across multiple motion types.

Abstract

Purpose: To introduce a simple system exploitation with the potential to turn MRI scanners into general-purpose RF motion monitoring systems. Methods: Inspired by Pilot Tone (PT), this work proposes Beat Pilot Tone (BPT), in which two or more RF tones at arbitrary frequencies are transmitted continuously during the scan. These tones create motion-modulated standing wave patterns that are sensed by the receiver coil array, incidentally mixed by intermodulation in the receiver chain, and digitized simultaneously with the MRI data. BPT can operate at almost any frequency as long as the intermodulation products lie within the bandwidth of the receivers. BPT's mechanism is explained in electromagnetic simulations and validated experimentally. Results: Phantom and volunteer experiments over a range of transmit frequencies suggest that BPT may offer frequency-dependent sensitivity to motion. Using a semi-flexible body receiver array, BPT appears to sense cardiac-induced body vibrations at microwave frequencies (1.2 GHz and greater). At lower frequencies, it exhibits a similar cardiac signal shape to PT, likely due to blood volume changes. Other volunteer experiments with respiratory, bulk, and head motion show that BPT can achieve greater sensitivity to motion than PT and greater separability between motion types. Basic multiple-input multiple-output (4x22 MIMO) operation with simultaneous PT and BPT in head motion is demonstrated using two transmit antennas and a 22-channel head-neck coil. Conclusion: BPT may offer a rich source of motion information that is frequency-dependent, simultaneous, and complementary to PT and the MRI exam.