An Automated Survey of Generative Artificial Intelligence: Large Language Models, Architectures, Protocols, and Applications

TL;DR

This automated survey comprehensively reviews large language models, deployment protocols, and real-world applications as of early 2026, highlighting architectural innovations, empirical performance, and industry sector impacts.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparative analysis of open-weight large language models, their architectures, training, and deployment protocols, with an emphasis on recent models and empirical benchmarks.

Findings

Detailed comparison of frontier large language models.

Analysis of deployment protocols and standards.

Extensive review of applications across industries.

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence, and large language models in particular, have emerged as one of the most transformative paradigms in modern computer science. This automated survey provides an accessible treatment of the field as of early 2026, with a strong focus on the leading model families, deployment protocols, and real-world applications. The core of the survey is devoted to a detailed comparative analysis of the frontier large language models, with particular emphasis on open-weight systems: DeepSeek-V3, DeepSeek-R1, DeepSeek-V3.2, and the forthcoming DeepSeek V4; the Qwen 3 and Qwen 3.5 series; GLM-5; Kimi K2.5; MiniMax M2.5; LLaMA 4; Mistral Large 3; Gemma 3; and Phi-4, alongside proprietary systems including GPT-5.4, Gemini 3.1 Pro, Grok 4.20, and Claude Opus 4.6. For each model, we describe the architectural innovations, training regimes, and empirical performance on current benchmarks and the Chatbot Arena leaderboard. The survey further covers deployment protocols including Retrieval-Augmented Generation, the Model Context Protocol, the Agent-to-Agent protocol, function calling standards, and serving frameworks. We present an extensive review of real-world applications across fifteen industry sectors, from financial services and legal technology to tourism and agriculture, supported by empirical evidence and case studies. This work has been generated by Claude Opus 4.6 (Anthropic) under the supervision and editorial review of the human authors, with the goal of producing updated editions approximately every six months.