Low energy spectrum of the XXZ model coupled to a magnetic field

TL;DR

This paper proves that the spectral gap of certain XXZ spin chains in a magnetic field remains positive under small perturbations, using a refined method to control boundary effects uniformly in chain length.

Contribution

It introduces a new refinement of an existing method to analyze boundary effects and spectral gaps in perturbed Ising chains.

Findings

Spectral gap remains positive under small perturbations

Method controls boundary effects uniformly in chain length

Applicable to both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases

Abstract

For a class of Hamiltonians of $XXZ$ spin chains in a uniform external magnetic field that are small quantum perturbations of an Ising Hamiltonian, it is shown that the spectral gap above the ground-state energy remains strictly positive when the perturbation is turned on, uniformly in the length of the chain. This result is proven for perturbations of both the ferromagnetic and the antiferromagnetic Ising Hamiltonian. In the antiferromagnetic case, the external magnetic field is required to be small. For a chain of an even number of sites, the two-fold degenerate ground-state energy of the unperturbed antiferromagnetic Hamiltonian may split into two energy levels separated by a very small gap. These results are proven by using a new, quite subtle refinement of a method developed in earlier work and used to iteratively block-diagonalize Hamiltonians of systems confined to ever larger subsets of a lattice by using strictly local unitary conjugations. The new method developed in this paper provides complete control of boundary effects on the low-energy spectrum of perturbed Ising chains uniformly in their length.