New bounds for odd colourings of graphs

TL;DR

This paper establishes new bounds on the odd chromatic number of graphs, proving asymptotic and specific upper bounds related to maximum degree, and extends results to h-odd colourings, advancing understanding of graph colourings.

Contribution

The paper proves the conjecture that odd chromatic number is at most Δ+1 asymptotically and provides new upper bounds, including for large minimum degree and general h-odd colourings.

Findings

Asymptotic bound: χ_o(G) ≤ Δ + O(ln Δ) for large Δ.

Upper bound: χ_o(G) ≤ ⌊3Δ/2⌋ + 2 for all Δ.

Extension to h-odd colourings with tight bounds.

Abstract

Given a graph $G$, a vertex-colouring $\sigma$ of $G$, and a subset $X\subseteq V(G)$, a colour $x \in \sigma(X)$ is said to be \emph{odd} for $X$ in $\sigma$ if it has an odd number of occurrences in $X$. We say that $\sigma$ is an \emph{odd colouring} of $G$ if it is proper and every (open) neighbourhood has an odd colour in $\sigma$. The odd chromatic number of a graph $G$, denoted by $\chi_o(G)$, is the minimum $k\in\mathbb{N}$ such that an odd colouring $\sigma \colon V(G)\to [k]$ exists. In a recent paper, Caro, Petru\v sevski and \v Skrekovski conjectured that every connected graph of maximum degree $\Delta\ge 3$ has odd-chromatic number at most $\Delta+1$. We prove that this conjecture holds asymptotically: for every connected graph $G$ with maximum degree $\Delta$, $\chi_o(G)\le\Delta+O(\ln\Delta)$ as $\Delta \to \infty$. We also prove that $\chi_o(G)\le\lfloor3\Delta/2\rfloor+2$ for every $\Delta$. If moreover the minimum degree $\delta$ of $G$ is sufficiently large, we have $\chi_o(G) \le \chi(G) + O(\Delta \ln \Delta/\delta)$ and $\chi_o(G) = O(\chi(G)\ln \Delta)$. Finally, given an integer $h\ge 1$, we study the generalisation of these results to $h$-odd colourings, where every vertex $v$ must have at least $\min \{\deg(v),h\}$ odd colours in its neighbourhood. Many of our results are tight up to some multiplicative constant.