Observing dynamical phases of BCS superconductors in a cavity QED simulator

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the simulation of dynamical phases of BCS superconductors using cavity QED with strontium atoms, revealing different out-of-equilibrium behaviors through real-time measurements.

Contribution

It introduces a cavity QED platform to observe and control dynamical phases of superconductivity, enabling exploration of non-equilibrium phenomena in a highly tunable quantum system.

Findings

Observation of decay, steady-state, and oscillatory phases of the order parameter.

Real-time tracking of superconducting dynamics after a quench.

Potential for simulating unconventional superconductors and beyond mean-field effects.

Abstract

In conventional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductors, electrons with opposite momenta bind into Cooper pairs due to an attractive interaction mediated by phonons in the material. While superconductivity naturally emerges at thermal equilibrium, it can also emerge out of equilibrium when the system's parameters are abruptly changed. The resulting out-of-equilibrium phases are predicted to occur in real materials and ultracold fermionic atoms but have not yet all been directly observed. Here we realize an alternate way to generate the proposed dynamical phases using cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED). Our system encodes the presence or absence of a Cooper pair in a long-lived electronic transition in $^{88}$Sr atoms coupled to an optical cavity and represents interactions between electrons as photon-mediated interactions through the cavity. To fully explore the phase diagram, we manipulate the ratio between the single-particle dispersion and the interactions after a quench and perform real-time tracking of subsequent dynamics of the superconducting order parameter using non-destructive measurements. We observe regimes where the order parameter decays to zero (phase I), assumes a non-equilibrium steady-state value (phase II), or exhibits persistent oscillations (phase III). This opens up exciting prospects for quantum simulation, including the potential to engineer unconventional superconductors and to probe beyond mean-field effects like the spectral form factor, and for increasing coherence time for quantum sensing.