Modeling battery formation: boosted SEI growth, multi-species reactions, and irreversible expansion

TL;DR

This paper introduces a semi-empirical model for lithium-ion battery formation that captures SEI growth, cell expansion, and reaction dynamics, aligning well with experimental data and enabling improved manufacturing process control.

Contribution

It presents a novel semi-empirical model combining electrochemical and physical aspects of SEI growth, including a boosting formalism for cycling and aging, advancing battery formation modeling.

Findings

Model accurately replicates first-cycle efficiency and thickness changes.

SEI growth boosting formalism unifies cycling and aging behavior.

Model predicts electrolyte consumption and impacts of formation protocols.

Abstract

This work proposes a semi-empirical model for the SEI growth process during the early stages of lithium-ion battery formation cycling and aging. By combining a full-cell model which tracks half-cell equilibrium potentials, a zero-dimensional model of SEI growth kinetics, and a semi-empirical description of cell thickness expansion, the resulting model replicated experimental trends measured on a 2.5 Ah pouch cell, including the calculated first-cycle efficiency, measured cell thickness changes, and electrolyte reduction peaks during the first charge dQ/dV signal. This work also introduces an SEI growth boosting formalism that enables a unified description of SEI growth during both cycling and aging. This feature can enable future applications for modeling path-dependent aging over a cell's life. The model further provides a homogenized representation of multiple SEI reactions enabling the study of both solvent and additive consumption during formation. This work bridges the gap between electrochemical descriptions of SEI growth and applications towards improving industrial battery manufacturing process control where battery formation is an essential but time-consuming final step. We envision that the formation model can be used to predict the impact of formation protocols and electrolyte systems on SEI passivation and resulting battery lifetime.