Demonstration of the excited-state search on the D-wave quantum annealer

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the first successful preparation of excited states using a D-Wave quantum annealer by employing reverse annealing with a hot start, expanding the potential applications of quantum annealing.

Contribution

It introduces a method to prepare excited states on a quantum annealer using reverse annealing with a hot start, which was not previously demonstrated.

Findings

Successfully prepared excited states of a two-qubit Ising model.

Solved the shortest vector problem using the first excited state.

Showed feasibility of excited state search on quantum annealers.

Abstract

Quantum annealing is a way to prepare an eigenstate of the problem Hamiltonian. Starting from an eigenstate of a trivial Hamiltonian, we slowly change the Hamiltonian to the problem Hamiltonian, and the system remains in the eigenstate of the Hamiltonian as long as the so-called adiabatic condition is satisfied. By using devices provided by D-Wave Systems Inc., there were experimental demonstrations to prepare a ground state of the problem Hamiltonian. However, up to date, there are no demonstrations to prepare the excited state of the problem Hamiltonian with quantum annealing. Here, we demonstrate the excited-state search by using the D-wave processor. The key idea is to use the reverse quantum annealing with a hot start where the initial state is the excited state of the trivial Hamiltonian. During the reverse quantum annealing, we control not only the transverse field but also the longitudinal field and slowly change the Hamiltonian to the problem Hamiltonian so that we can obtain the desired excited state. As an example of the exited state search, we adopt a two-qubit Ising model as the problem Hamiltonian and succeed to prepare the excited state. Also, we solve the shortest vector problem where the solution is embedded into the first excited state of the Ising Hamiltonian. Our results pave the way for new applications of quantum annealers to use the excited states.