The electromagnetic fine-structure constant in primordial nucleosynthesis revisited

TL;DR

This paper investigates how variations in the electromagnetic fine-structure constant affect primordial element abundances during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, updating reaction rates and analyzing uncertainties to tighten constraints on its possible variation.

Contribution

It provides a revised analysis of the dependence of primordial abundances on the fine-structure constant, incorporating updated reaction rates and systematic uncertainty assessments.

Findings

Fractional change in alpha constrained to less than 2% by observed abundances

Updated nuclear reaction rates including temperature dependence

Tighter bounds on alpha variation than previous studies

Abstract

We study the dependence of the primordial nuclear abundances as a function of the electromagnetic fine-structure constant $\alpha$, keeping all other fundamental constants fixed. We update the leading nuclear reaction rates, in particular the electromagnetic contribution to the neutron-proton mass difference pertinent to $\beta$-decays, and go beyond certain approximations made in the literature. In particular, we include the temperature-dependence of the leading nuclear reactions rates and assess the systematic uncertainties by using four different publicly available codes for Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Disregarding the unsolved so-called lithium-problem, we find that the current values for the observationally based $^{2}$H and $^{4}$He abundances restrict the fractional change in the fine-structure constant to less than $2\%$, which is a tighter bound than found in earlier works on the subject.