Socio-economic Segregation in a Population-Scale Social Network

TL;DR

This study analyzes socio-economic segregation in the Netherlands using a large-scale social network, revealing that social network-based segregation is twice as pronounced as spatial neighborhood-based segregation, especially in larger cities.

Contribution

It introduces a population-scale social network analysis to measure socio-economic segregation, highlighting the hidden segregation beyond spatial neighborhoods.

Findings

Social network structure shows twice as much segregation as spatial neighborhoods.

Larger cities exhibit higher socio-economic segregation.

Social network analysis uncovers hidden segregation not visible through spatial analysis.

Abstract

We propose a social network-aware approach to studying socio-economic segregation. The key question that we address is whether patterns of segregation are more pronounced in social networks than the common spatial neighborhood-focused manifestations of segregation. We, therefore, conduct a population-scale social network analysis to study socio-economic segregation at a comprehensive and highly granular social network level: 17.2 million registered residents of the Netherlands that are connected through around 1.3 billion ties distributed over four distinct tie types. We take income assortativity as a measure of socio-economic segregation, compare a social network and spatial neighborhood approach, and find that the social network structure exhibits two times as much segregation. As such, this work challenges the dominance of the spatial perspective on segregation in both literature and policymaking. While at a particular scale of spatial aggregation (e.g., the geographical neighborhood), patterns of socio-economic segregation may appear relatively minimal, they may in fact persist in the underlying social network structure. Furthermore, we discover higher socio-economic segregation in larger cities, shedding a different light on the common view of cities as hubs for diverse socio-economic mixing. A population-scale social network perspective hence offers a way to uncover hitherto 'hidden' segregation that extends beyond spatial neighborhoods and infiltrates multiple aspects of human life.