"Can't Take the Pressure?": Examining the Challenges of Blood Pressure Estimation via Pulse Wave Analysis

TL;DR

This paper critically examines the feasibility of predicting blood pressure from PPG signals using deep learning, revealing significant limitations and proposing tools to assess the predictive potential of input data.

Contribution

It introduces analytical tools to evaluate if PPG signals contain sufficient information for blood pressure prediction, highlighting challenges and realistic expectations in this domain.

Findings

Blood pressure prediction from PPG has a high multi-valued mapping factor of 33.2%.

Mutual information for blood pressure prediction from PPG is only 9.8%.

Heart rate prediction from PPG shows low multi-valued mapping (0.75%) and high mutual information (87.7%).

Abstract

The use of observed wearable sensor data (e.g., photoplethysmograms [PPG]) to infer health measures (e.g., glucose level or blood pressure) is a very active area of research. Such technology can have a significant impact on health screening, chronic disease management and remote monitoring. A common approach is to collect sensor data and corresponding labels from a clinical grade device (e.g., blood pressure cuff), and train deep learning models to map one to the other. Although well intentioned, this approach often ignores a principled analysis of whether the input sensor data has enough information to predict the desired metric. We analyze the task of predicting blood pressure from PPG pulse wave analysis. Our review of the prior work reveals that many papers fall prey data leakage, and unrealistic constraints on the task and the preprocessing steps. We propose a set of tools to help determine if the input signal in question (e.g., PPG) is indeed a good predictor of the desired label (e.g., blood pressure). Using our proposed tools, we have found that blood pressure prediction using PPG has a high multi-valued mapping factor of 33.2% and low mutual information of 9.8%. In comparison, heart rate prediction using PPG, a well-established task, has a very low multi-valued mapping factor of 0.75% and high mutual information of 87.7%. We argue that these results provide a more realistic representation of the current progress towards to goal of wearable blood pressure measurement via PPG pulse wave analysis.