Shimmering gravitons in the gamma-ray sky

TL;DR

This paper explores the potential for detecting high-energy gravitons through their conversion to photons in the Milky Way's magnetic field, suggesting sub-PeV energies as the ultimate observational frontier.

Contribution

It introduces a new method to detect gravitons via graviton-to-photon conversion and identifies sub-PeV energies as the promising range for future observations.

Findings

Conversion rate is suppressed above ~1 PeV due to effective photon mass.

Current gamma-ray background sensitivity can detect gravitons with a9_{gw} h^2_0  1.

Future improvements could enable detection of gravitons with a9_{gw} h^2_0  0.01.

Abstract

What is the highest energy at which gravitons can be observed? We address this question by studying graviton-to-photon conversion - the inverse-Gertsenshtein effect - in the magnetic field of the Milky Way. We find that above $\sim 1~\mbox{PeV}$ the effective photon mass grows large enough to quench the conversion rate. For sub-PeV energies, the induced photon flux is comparable to the sensitivity of LHAASO to a diffuse $\gamma$-ray background, but only for graviton abundances of order $\Omega_{\text{gw}} h^2_0 \sim 1$. In the future, owing to a better understanding of $\gamma$-ray backgrounds, larger effective areas and longer observation times, sub-PeV shimmering gravitons with a realistic abundance of $\Omega_{\text{gw}} h^2_0 \sim 0.01$ could be detected. We show how such a large abundance is achieved in a cosmologically-motivated scenario of post-recombination superheavy dark matter decay. Therefore, the sub-PeV range might be the ultimate energy frontier at which gravitons can be observed.