A direct derivation of the Gent-McWilliams/Redi diffusion tensor from quasi-geostrophic dynamics

TL;DR

This paper derives the Gent-McWilliams/Redi diffusion tensor directly from quasi-geostrophic dynamics, providing rigorous constraints and clarifying the vertical structure of eddy-induced ocean transport in climate models.

Contribution

It offers a direct derivation of the GM/R diffusion tensor from QG theory, establishing constraints and relations between key coefficients without relying on prior heuristic assumptions.

Findings

No diapycnal diffusivity arises in the QG GM/R tensor for low viscosity.

The diffusion tensor involves only two vertical coefficients, $K_{GM}(z)$ and $K_R(z)$.

Near the surface and bottom, the two coefficients are approximately equal.

Abstract

The transport induced by ocean mesoscale eddies remains unresolved in most state-of-the-art climate models and needs to be parameterized instead. The natural scale separation between the forcing and the emergent turbulent flow calls for a diffusive parameterization, where the eddy-induced fluxes are related to the large-scale gradients by a diffusion tensor. The standard parameterization scheme in climate modeling consists in adopting the Gent-McWilliams/Redi (GM/R) form for the diffusion tensor, initially put forward based on physical intuition and educated guesses before being put on firm analytical footing using thickness-weighted average (TWA). In the present contribution we provide a direct derivation of this diffusion tensor from the quasi-geostrophic (QG) dynamics of a horizontally homogeneous three-dimensional patch of ocean hosting a large-scale vertically-sheared zonal flow on the beta plane. While less general than the TWA approach, the present QG framework leads to rigorous constraints on the diffusion tensor. First, there is no diapycnal diffusivity arising in the QG GM/R tensor for low viscosity and small-scale diffusivities. The diffusion tensor then involves only two vertically dependent coefficients, namely the GM transport coefficient $K_{GM}(z)$ and the Redi diffusivity $K_R(z)$. Secondly, as already identified by previous authors the vertical structures of the two coefficients are related by the so-called Taylor-Bretherton relation. Finally, while the two coefficients generically differ in the interior of the water column, we show that they are equal to one another near the surface and near the bottom of the domain for low-enough dissipative coefficients. We illustrate these findings by numerically simulating the QG dynamics of a horizontally homogeneous patch of ocean hosting a vertically sheared zonal current resembling the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.