Dynamics of space debris removal: A review

TL;DR

This review discusses the increasing problem of space debris, its impact on space activities, and evaluates current mitigation strategies, removal technologies, and policy guidelines to address this environmental challenge.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of space debris statistics, removal methods, and policy measures, highlighting recent advancements and ongoing challenges in debris mitigation.

Findings

Space debris poses a significant collision risk to spacecraft.

Current removal technologies include contact and contact-less methods.

Regulatory guidelines are evolving to manage debris creation.

Abstract

Space debris, also known as "space junk," presents a significant challenge for all space exploration activities, including those involving human-onboard spacecraft such as SpaceX's Crew Dragon and the International Space Station. The amount of debris in space is rapidly increasing and poses a significant environmental concern. Various studies and research have been conducted on space debris capture mechanisms, including contact and contact-less capturing methods, in Earth's orbits. While advancements in technology, such as telecommunications, weather forecasting, high-speed internet, and GPS, have benefited society, their improper and unplanned usage has led to the creation of debris. The growing amount of debris poses a threat of collision with the International Space Station, shuttle, and high-value satellites, and is present in different parts of Earth's orbit, varying in size, shape, speed, and mass. As a result, capturing and removing space debris is a challenging task. This review article provides an overview of space debris statistics and specifications, and focuses on ongoing mitigation strategies, preventive measures, and statutory guidelines for removing and preventing debris creation, emphasizing the serious issue of space debris damage to space agencies and relevant companies.