Near-bipartite Leonard pairs

TL;DR

This paper classifies near-bipartite Leonard pairs over algebraically closed fields, describes their bipartite contractions, and explores near-bipartite expansions of bipartite Leonard pairs, advancing understanding of their structure and relationships.

Contribution

It provides a classification of near-bipartite Leonard pairs, details their bipartite contractions, and characterizes near-bipartite expansions, which are new insights into Leonard pair structures.

Findings

Classification of near-bipartite Leonard pairs over algebraically closed fields.

Description of bipartite contractions for each near-bipartite Leonard pair.

Characterization of near-bipartite expansions of bipartite Leonard pairs.

Abstract

Let $\F$ denote a field, and let $V$ denote a vector space over $\F$ with finite positive dimension. A Leonard pair on $V$ is an ordered pair of diagonalizable $\F$-linear maps $A: V \to V$ and $A^* : V \to V$ that each act on an eigenbasis for the other in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion. Let $A,A^*$ denote a Leonard pair on $V$. Let $\{v_i\}_{i=0}^d$ denote an eigenbasis for $A^*$ on which $A$ acts in an irreducible tridiagonal fashion. For $0 \leq i \leq d$ define an $\F$-linear map $E^*_i : V \to V$ such that $E^*_i v_i = v_i$ and $E^*_i v_j = 0$ if $j \neq i$ $(0 \leq j \leq d)$. The map $F = \sum_{i=0}^d E^*_i A E^*_i$ is called the flat part of $A$. The Leonard pair $A,A^*$ is bipartite whenever $F=0$. The Leonard pair $A,A^*$ is said to be near-bipartite whenever the pair $A-F, A^*$ is a Leonard pair on $V$. In this case, the Leonard pair $A-F, A^*$ is bipartite, and called the bipartite contraction of $A,A^*$. Let $B,B^*$ denote a bipartite Leonard pair on $V$. By a near-bipartite expansion of $B,B^*$ we mean a near-bipartite Leonard pair on $V$ with bipartite contraction $B,B^*$. In the present paper we have three goals. Assuming $\F$ is algebraically closed, (i) we classify up to isomorphism the near-bipartite Leonard pairs over $\F$; (ii) for each near-bipartite Leonard pair over $\F$ we describe its bipartite contraction; (iii) for each bipartite Leonard pair over $\F$ we describe its near-bipartite expansions.