Duality between open systems and closed bilayer systems: Thermofield double states as quantum many-body scars

TL;DR

This paper reveals a duality linking open quantum systems satisfying detailed balance with closed bilayer systems, showing how certain states and operators correspond to quantum many-body scars with tunable entanglement properties.

Contribution

It introduces a duality framework connecting open systems governed by GKSL equations to closed bilayer Hamiltonians, highlighting the emergence of quantum many-body scars and their properties.

Findings

Identity operator maps to a quantum many-body scar in the dual Hamiltonian.

Thermofield double states serve as scars with entanglement entropy controlled by temperature.

Explicit eigen operators exhibit exponential decay, leading to additional scars.

Abstract

We establish a duality between open many-body systems governed by the Gorini-Kossakowski-Sudarshan-Lindblad (GKSL) equation and satisfying the detailed balance condition on the one side, and closed bilayer systems with a self-adjoint Hamiltonian on the other side. Under this duality, the identity operator on the open system side maps to a quantum many-body scar of the dual Hamiltonian $\mathcal H$. This scar eigenstate has a form of a thermofield double state for a single-body conserved quantity entering the detailed balance conditions. A remarkable feature of this thermofield scar is a tunable single-layer entanglement entropy controlled by the reservoir temperature on the open system side. Further, we identify broad classes of many-body open systems with nontrivial explicit eigen operators $Q$ of the Lindbladian superoperator. The expectation values of the corresponding observables exhibit a simple exponential decay, $\langle Q\rangle_t=e^{-\Gamma t} \langle Q \rangle_0$, irrespectively of the initial state. Under the above duality, these eigen operators give rise to additional (towers of) scars. Finally, we point out that more general superoperators (not necessarily of the GKSL form) can be mapped to self-adjoint Hamiltonians of bilayer systems harbouring scars, and provide an example thereof.