Direct T_e-based Metallicities of z=2-9 Galaxies with JWST/NIRSpec: Empirical Metallicity Calibrations Applicable from Reionization to Cosmic Noon

TL;DR

This study presents new empirical T_e-based metallicity calibrations for high-redshift galaxies using JWST/NIRSpec data, enabling more accurate metallicity measurements from reionization to cosmic noon.

Contribution

It provides the first high-redshift empirical calibrations for key strong-line ratios, improving metallicity estimates for galaxies at z=2-9.

Findings

Derived T_e and oxygen abundances for 46 galaxies at z=1.4-8.7.

Constructed new calibrations valid over 12+log(O/H)=7.4-8.3.

High-redshift relations differ from local calibrations, indicating evolution.

Abstract

We report detections of the [OIII]$\lambda$4364 auroral emission line for 16 galaxies at z=2.1-8.7, measured from JWST/NIRSpec observations obtained as part of the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey program. We combine this CEERS sample with 9 objects from the literature at z=4-9 with auroral-line detections from JWST/NIRSpec and 21 galaxies at z=1.4-3.7 with auroral-line detections from ground-based spectroscopy. We derive electron temperature T_e and direct-method oxygen abundances for the combined sample of 46 star-forming galaxies at z=1.4-8.7. We use these measurements to construct the first high-redshift empirical T_e-based metallicity calibrations for the strong-line ratios [OIII]/H$\beta$, [OII]/H$\beta$, R23=([OIII]+[OII])/H$\beta$, [OIII]/[OII], and [NeIII]/[OII]. These new calibrations are valid over 12+log(O/H)=7.4-8.3 and can be applied to samples of star-forming galaxies at z=2-9, leading to an improvement in the accuracy of metallicity determinations at Cosmic Noon and in the Epoch of Reionization. The high-redshift strong-line relations are offset from calibrations based on typical $z\sim0$ galaxies or HII regions, reflecting the known evolution of ionization conditions between $z\sim0$ and $z\sim2$. Deep spectroscopic programs with JWST/NIRSpec promise to improve statistics at the low and high ends of the metallicity range covered by the current sample, as well as improve the detection rate of [NII]$\lambda$6585 to allow the future assessment of N-based indicators. These new high-redshift calibrations will enable accurate characterizations of metallicity scaling relations at high redshift, improving our understanding of feedback and baryon cycling in the early universe.