Resonant production of dark photons from axion without a large coupling

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new mechanism for resonant dark photon production from axions that requires a much smaller coupling, achieved by delaying axion oscillations through a trapped misalignment process, simplifying model building.

Contribution

It proposes a novel scenario that allows efficient dark photon production with small axion-dark photon coupling by modifying axion dynamics and delaying oscillations.

Findings

Dark photon production can be efficient with small couplings.

Delaying axion oscillations reduces polarization asymmetry.

The scenario simplifies model building for dark photon production.

Abstract

Dark photons could be produced resonantly by the oscillating axion field in the early universe. This resonant production mechanism has been used in various contexts, including dark photon dark matter and primordial magnetic field production. However, for this resonant production to work in an expanding universe, a large axion-dark photon coupling is required, which is not easy to realize in terms of model building and requires the introduction of many charged fermions and/or the complex clockwork mechanism. In this paper, we present a new scenario that efficiently produces dark photons from the axion with a much smaller coupling. This is possible by modifying the dynamics of axion and significantly delaying the onset of oscillations, as in the so-called trapped misalignment mechanism. As a specific example, we consider models in which dark photon production occurs efficiently despite the small axion-dark photon coupling by temporally trapping an axion in a wrong minimum and releasing it after the Hubble parameter becomes much smaller than the axion mass. In this scenario, it is expected that the polarization asymmetry of dark photons and gravitational waves generated from dark photons will be significantly reduced.