Evaluating the Fairness of Deep Learning Uncertainty Estimates in Medical Image Analysis

TL;DR

This paper investigates how fairness-enhancing methods in deep learning affect uncertainty estimates in medical image analysis tasks, highlighting a tradeoff between fairness and uncertainty accuracy.

Contribution

It is the first to analyze the impact of fairness models on both performance and uncertainty quantification in medical imaging deep learning models.

Findings

Fairness methods improve subgroup performance in some tasks.

Fairness methods can degrade the quality of uncertainty estimates.

Tradeoff exists between fairness and uncertainty accuracy.

Abstract

Although deep learning (DL) models have shown great success in many medical image analysis tasks, deployment of the resulting models into real clinical contexts requires: (1) that they exhibit robustness and fairness across different sub-populations, and (2) that the confidence in DL model predictions be accurately expressed in the form of uncertainties. Unfortunately, recent studies have indeed shown significant biases in DL models across demographic subgroups (e.g., race, sex, age) in the context of medical image analysis, indicating a lack of fairness in the models. Although several methods have been proposed in the ML literature to mitigate a lack of fairness in DL models, they focus entirely on the absolute performance between groups without considering their effect on uncertainty estimation. In this work, we present the first exploration of the effect of popular fairness models on overcoming biases across subgroups in medical image analysis in terms of bottom-line performance, and their effects on uncertainty quantification. We perform extensive experiments on three different clinically relevant tasks: (i) skin lesion classification, (ii) brain tumour segmentation, and (iii) Alzheimer's disease clinical score regression. Our results indicate that popular ML methods, such as data-balancing and distributionally robust optimization, succeed in mitigating fairness issues in terms of the model performances for some of the tasks. However, this can come at the cost of poor uncertainty estimates associated with the model predictions. This tradeoff must be mitigated if fairness models are to be adopted in medical image analysis.