Robustness of quantum algorithms against coherent control errors

TL;DR

This paper introduces a framework using Lipschitz bounds to analyze and improve the robustness of quantum algorithms against coherent control errors, emphasizing Hamiltonian norm reduction for fault-tolerance.

Contribution

It develops a novel theoretical framework for assessing quantum algorithm robustness and provides practical guidelines for designing more error-resilient quantum circuits.

Findings

Resilience mainly depends on Hamiltonian norms.

Bounds are computable for large circuits.

Reducing Hamiltonian norms improves robustness.

Abstract

Coherent control errors, for which ideal Hamiltonians are perturbed by unknown multiplicative noise terms, are a major obstacle for reliable quantum computing. In this paper, we present a framework for analyzing the robustness of quantum algorithms against coherent control errors using Lipschitz bounds. We derive worst-case fidelity bounds which show that the resilience against coherent control errors is mainly influenced by the norms of the Hamiltonians generating the individual gates. These bounds are explicitly computable even for large circuits, and they can be used to guarantee fault-tolerance via threshold theorems. Moreover, we apply our theoretical framework to derive a novel guideline for robust quantum algorithm design and transpilation, which amounts to reducing the norms of the Hamiltonians. Using the $3$-qubit Quantum Fourier Transform as an example application, we demonstrate that this guideline targets robustness more effectively than existing ones based on circuit depth or gate count. Furthermore, we apply our framework to study the effect of parameter regularization in variational quantum algorithms. The practicality of the theoretical results is demonstrated via implementations in simulation and on a quantum computer.