# Insights into air cushion dynamics during drop impact on heated substrate at low impact energy

## TL;DR

This study investigates the air cushion behavior beneath a droplet impacting a heated surface at low energy, revealing distinct flow regimes and asymmetric wetting phenomena through high-speed imaging and theoretical analysis.

## Contribution

It introduces a combined continuum and non-continuum framework to understand the air layer dynamics during droplet impact on heated substrates, highlighting the role of gas kinetic effects.

## Key findings

- Air film subdivided into central dimple and peripheral disc regions.
- Dimple shape approximated by a Gaussian profile, weak dependence on temperature.
- Air layer rupture time and radius increase with substrate temperature.

## Abstract

We study the air layer dynamics beneath a drop impinging a heated surface at low impact energy using high-speed reflection interferometry imaging and theoretical analysis. The air film has been subdivided into two distinct disjoint regions, the central dimple and the peripheral disc. We decipher that a gaussian profile can approximate the dynamic shape evolution of the central air dimple. We further observe that the dimple geometry is a function of impact energy and its dependence on surface temperature is relatively weak. The air layer rupture time and rupture radius increases with increase in substrate temperature. We characterize the air layer profile as a 2D Knudsen field and show that a unified treatment, including continuum and non-continuum mechanics, is required to comprehend the air layer dynamics coherently. The airflow dynamics in the central dimple region falls within the purview of continuum stokes regime. In contrast, the peripheral air disc falls within the non-continuum (gas kinetic effects) slip flow and transition regime characterized by a high Knudsen number. However, the initial average air disc expansion dynamics could be understood in terms of stokes approximation. In non-continuum regimes of the peripheral air disc, we discover intriguing asymmetric interface perturbations. The asymmetric wetting of the substrate initiates at the edge of the peripheral disc region.These perturbative structures cause asymmetric wetting/contact between the droplet and the substrate. Due to the asymptotic effects of capillary and van der Waals interaction in the disc region, the sub-micron spatial structures can exist at short time scales.