# Gyrokinetic simulations of neoclassical electron transport and bootstrap current generation in tokamak plasmas in the TRIMEG code

## TL;DR

This paper details the implementation of neoclassical physics, including a simplified collision operator, in the TRIMEG gyrokinetic code to simulate electron transport and bootstrap current in tokamak plasmas, enabling more comprehensive fusion plasma modeling.

## Contribution

It introduces a novel implementation of neoclassical physics in the unstructured mesh gyrokinetic code TRIMEG, including flux surface averaging without poloidal coordinates.

## Key findings

- Good agreement with neoclassical theory at large aspect ratio
- Discrepancies observed at moderate aspect ratio and realistic geometry
- Demonstrates capability for self-consistent neoclassical effects in gyrokinetic simulations

## Abstract

For magnetic confinement fusion in tokamak plasmas, some of the limitations to the particle and energy confinement times are caused by turbulence and collisions between particles in toroidal geometry, which determine the "anomalous" and the neoclassical transport, respectively. In this work, we focus on the implementation of neoclassical physics in the gyrokinetic code TRIMEG, which is a TRIangular MEsh-based Gyrokinetic code that can handle both the closed and open field line geometries of a divertor tokamak. We report on the implementation of a simplified Lorentz collision operator in TRIMEG. Since the code uses an unstructured mesh, a procedure for calculating the flux surface averages of particle and energy fluxes and the bootstrap current is derived without relying on the poloidal coordinate, which is useful also for other simulations in unstructured meshes. With the newly implemented collision operator, we study electron transport and bootstrap current generation for various simplified and realistic geometries. In comparison to neoclassical theory, good agreement is obtained for the large aspect ratio case regarding the particle and energy fluxes as well as the bootstrap current. However, some discrepancies are observed at moderate aspect ratio and for a case with the realistic geometry of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. These deviations can be explained by different treatments and approximations in theory and simulation. In this paper, we demonstrate the capability to calculate the electron transport and bootstrap current generation in TRIMEG, which will allow for the self-consistent inclusion of neoclassical effects in gyrokinetic simulations in the future.