# Thermodynamic determination of the equilibrium first-order phase-transition line hidden by hysteresis in a phase diagram

## TL;DR

This paper introduces a thermodynamics-based method to determine the true equilibrium first-order phase transition line hidden by hysteresis in phase diagrams, verified on a magneto-electric compound, revealing important thermodynamic insights.

## Contribution

The authors develop and validate a novel thermodynamic approach to accurately identify the hidden equilibrium phase transition line in materials with hysteresis.

## Key findings

- The method accurately determines the equilibrium FOT line.
- The equilibrium line differs from the hysteresis midpoint.
- It aligns with thermodynamic principles like the third law.

## Abstract

Phase diagrams form the basis for the study of material science, and the profiles of phase-transition lines separating different thermodynamic phases include comprehensive information about thermodynamic quantities, such as latent heat. However, in some materials exhibiting field-induced first-order transitions (FOTs), the equilibrium phase-transition line is hidden by the hysteresis region associated with the FOT; thus, it cannot be directly determined from measurements of resistivity, magnetization, etc. Here, we demonstrate a thermodynamics-based method for determining the hidden equilibrium FOT line. This method is verified for the FOT between antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic states in magneto-electric compounds (Fe$_{0.95}$Zn$_{0.05}$)$_{2}$Mo$_{3}$O$_{8}$. The equilibrium FOT line determined based on the Clausius-Clapeyron equation exhibits a reasonable profile in terms of the third law of thermodynamics, and it shows marked differences from the midpoints of the hysteresis region. Our findings highlight that care should be taken for referring to the hysteresis midpoint line when discussing field-induced latent heat or magnetocaloric effects.