# How closely does transient magnetic linear dichroism follow the spin moment?

## TL;DR

This study examines the reliability of magnetic linear dichroism (MLD) as a probe of spin moments in out-of-equilibrium magnetic states, revealing its limitations in antiferromagnetic materials at high laser fluences.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that MLD accurately tracks spin moments in ferromagnetic materials but fails in antiferromagnetic FePd under high laser excitation, highlighting the influence of electronic structure.

## Key findings

- MLD's accuracy degrades in AFM FePd at high fluences.
- MLD reliably tracks moments in ferromagnetic FePt.
- Laser-induced excitations out of the $d$-band affect MLD response.

## Abstract

In highly out-of-equilibrium states of matter, such as those induced by a pump laser, the applicability of well established spectroscopic probes of magnetic order are called into question. Here we address the validity of x-ray absorption techniques in pump laser conditions, focusing on magnetic linear dichroism (MLD), a crucial probe of antiferromagnetic (AFM) order. We directly compute the dynamics of the square of the spin moment and compare to those obtained via the MLD response. For AFM FePd the agreement between these distinct routes to the magnetic moment severely degrades at pulse fluences greater than 1 mJ/cm$^2$, indicating a breakdown of the MLD response as an accurate probe of the transient moment. This contrasts with the MLD for ferromagnetic FePt which reliably tracks the moment for fluences (and absorbed energies) up to an order of magnitude greater than the breakdown threshold for AFM FePd. The underlying microscopic reason for this we find to be increased laser induced excitations out of the $d$-band in AFM FePd, where this increase is made possible by the AFM pseudogap.