# The Navier-Stokes Equation and Helmholtz Decomposition

## TL;DR

This paper derives explicit forms of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations under certain conditions, linking curl properties to solution uniqueness and expressing solutions via Helmholtz decomposition and heat equation relations.

## Contribution

It provides new explicit solution representations for Navier-Stokes equations using Helmholtz decomposition and curl conditions, and discusses conditions for solution uniqueness.

## Key findings

- Explicit solution forms under curl conditions
- Connection between curl properties and solution uniqueness
- Representation of solutions via heat equation and Helmholtz operator

## Abstract

This work explores Navier-Stokes equation with no gravitational forces. In short, it shows that any smooth solution that decays quickly must take the form $$ \textbf{u}(x,t)- \dfrac{1}{4\pi}\textbf{Curl}\Biggl( \int_{\mathbb{R}^3}^{}{\dfrac{\textbf{Curl} (\textbf{u} (x^\prime,t))}{|x-x^\prime|}}dV^\prime\Biggr) = -\int_{0}^{t}{\dfrac{1}{\rho} \textbf{Grad}\big(\Gamma(x,s)\big)}ds.$$ Consequently, any curl free solution must be written as $$\textbf{u}(x,t) = -\dfrac{1}{\rho} \textbf{Grad}\biggl(\int_{0}^{t}{\Gamma(x,s) ds}\biggr)$$ with $\Gamma$ a known function which is related to the heat equation. Even further it shows if there exist a value $k\in \mathbb{N}$ such that $$\textbf{curl}^k\biggl((\textbf{u}\cdot \nabla )\textbf{u}\biggr)(x,t)=\textbf{0}$$ for all $t^\prime\le t$ then $$\textbf{u}(x,t) = \textbf{H}^{k+1}(\xi_1,\xi_2,\xi_3,t) -\int_{0}^{t}{\dfrac{1}{\rho} \textbf{Grad}\big(\Gamma(x,s)\big)}ds, ~~~~~ t\in [t^\prime,\infty)$$ with $$\xi_i(x,t):= \int_{\mathbb{R}^3}^{}{\alpha(x-y,\dfrac{t}{\nu})v^k_i(x,0)}dy, ~~~~~ v^k_i(x,0) = \biggl(\textbf{curl}^k(\textbf{u}(x,0))\biggr)_i, ~~~~~ 1\le i\le 3$$ and $\textbf{H}^k$ the $k^{th}$ application of Helmholtz operator. Hence, if there is another solution where the non-linear term is infinitly curlable then the solution is not unique. If the solution is unique, then this is the only possible solution.