# Enhanced target normal sheath acceleration with a grooved hydrocarbon target

## TL;DR

This study uses 2D PIC simulations to show that micro-structuring hydrocarbon targets with rectangular grooves significantly enhances proton acceleration, increasing energy and reducing divergence compared to flat or other groove shapes.

## Contribution

It demonstrates that rectangular micro-grooves on hydrocarbon targets can substantially improve proton acceleration efficiency and beam quality in laser-target interactions.

## Key findings

- Rectangular grooves increase proton cut-off energy fourfold.
- Rectangular grooves reduce proton beam divergence.
- Triangular and semi-circular grooves are less effective than rectangular ones.

## Abstract

The interaction of a high-intensity ultrashort laser pulse with a few microns-thick hydrocarbon target is known to accelerate protons/ions to multi-MeV, on the rear side of the target, via the mechanism of target normal sheath acceleration. Micro-structuring the target front is one of the promising approaches to enhance the cut-off energy as well as to reduce the divergence of accelerated protons/ions. In this paper, the interaction of a normally incident intense laser pulse with targets having single micron-sized grooves, at their front side, of semi-circular, triangular, and rectangular shapes has been studied by using two-dimensional Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. It is observed that as compared to a flat target for targets with a rectangular groove at the front side the focused hot electron beam at the rear side results in an approximately four-fold increase in the cut-off energy of accelerated protons. For triangular and semi-circular groove targets, the cut-off energy remains comparatively lower (higher than the flat target though). The angular divergence of the accelerated protons/ions is also found to be relatively much lower in the case of a rectangular groove.