Bioabsorbable WE43 Mg alloy wires modified by continuous plasma electrolytic oxidation for implant applications. Part II: degradation and biological performance

TL;DR

This study investigates how plasma electrolytic oxidation improves the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of WE43 magnesium alloy wires for implant use, showing enhanced performance and cell attachment after surface modification.

Contribution

It demonstrates that continuous PEO creates a protective oxide layer on WE43 Mg wires, significantly enhancing their degradation behavior and biological compatibility for bioabsorbable implants.

Findings

PEO-treated wires showed improved corrosion resistance.

Cell attachment was observed on PEO-modified surfaces.

Strength remained above 100 MPa after 96 hours in simulated body fluid.

Abstract

The corrosion, mechanical degradation and biological performance of cold-drawn WE43 Mg wires were analyzed as a function of thermo-mechanical processing and the presence of a protective oxide layer created by continuous plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). It was found that the corrosion properties of the non-surface-treated wire could be optimized by means of thermal treatment within certain limits, but the corrosion rate remained very high. Hence, strength and ductility of these wires vanished after 24 h of immersion in simulated body fluid at 37$^\circ$C and, as a result of that rather quick degradation, direct tests did not show any MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cell attachment on the surface of the Mg wires. In contrast, surface modification of the annealed WE43 Mg wires by a continuous PEO process led to the formation of a homogeneous oxide layer of $\approx$ 8$\mu$m and significantly improved the corrosion resistance and hence the biocompatibility of the WE43 Mg wires. It was found that a dense layer of Ca/P was formed at the early stages of degradation on top of the Mg(OH)2 layer and hindered the diffusion of the Cl-ions which dissolve Mg(OH)2 and accelerate the corrosion of Mg alloys. As a result, pitting corrosion was suppressed and the strength of the Mg wires was above 100 MPa after 96 h of immersion in simulated body fluid at 37$^\circ$C. Moreover, many cells were able to attach on the surface of the PEO surface-modified wires during cell culture testing. These results demonstrate the potential of thin Mg wires surface-modified by continuous PEO in terms of mechanical, degradation and biological performance for bioabsorbable wire-based devices.