Pauli-based model of quantum computation with higher-dimensional systems

TL;DR

This paper extends Pauli-based quantum computation to odd-prime-dimensional systems, demonstrating universality, implementation strategies on hardware, and analyzing the sampling complexity related to the magic resource states.

Contribution

It generalizes Pauli-based computation to higher-dimensional qudits, provides implementation methods, and analyzes the complexity of simulating such systems based on magic states.

Findings

Universal for odd-prime-dimensional systems.

Implementation methods with different trade-offs in depth and width.

Sampling complexity bounds related to magic states.

Abstract

Pauli-based computation (PBC) is a universal model for quantum computation with qubits where the input state is a magic (resource) state and the computation is driven by a sequence of adaptively chosen and compatible multiqubit Pauli measurements. Here we generalize PBC for odd-prime-dimensional systems and demonstrate its universality. Additionally, we discuss how any qudit-based PBC can be implemented on actual, circuit-based quantum hardware. Our results show that we can translate a PBC on $n$ $p$-dimensional qudits to adaptive circuits on $n+1$ qudits with $O\left( pn^2/2 \right)$ $\mathrm{SUM}$ gates and depth. Alternatively, we can carry out the same computation with $O\left( pn/2\right)$ depth at the expense of an increased circuit width. Finally, we show that the sampling complexity associated with simulating a number $k$ of virtual qudits is related to the robustness of magic of the input states. Computation of this magic monotone for qutrit and ququint states leads to sampling complexity upper bounds of, respectively, $O\left( 3^{ 1.0848 k} \epsilon^{-2}\right)$ and $O\left( 5^{ 1.4022 k} \epsilon^{-2}\right)$, for a desired precision $\epsilon$. We further establish lower bounds to this sampling complexity for qubits, qutrits, and ququints: $\Omega \left( 2^{0.5431 k} \epsilon^{-2} \right)$, $\Omega \left( 3^{0.7236 k} \epsilon^{-2} \right)$, and $\Omega \left( 5^{0.8544 k} \epsilon^{-2} \right)$, respectively.