# $K_r$-saturated Graphs and the Two Families Theorem

## TL;DR

This paper refines bounds on the minimum edges in $K_r$-saturated graphs with degree constraints, explores their structural properties, and introduces a new version of Bollobás's Two Families Theorem.

## Contribution

It provides asymptotic estimates for the constant $c(r,t)$, characterizes extremal graphs as blow-ups of a finite collection, and strengthens bounds on vertex covers in saturated graphs.

## Key findings

- Asymptotic order of $c(r,t)$ is $ heta_r(4^t t^{-1/2})$ for fixed $r$ and large $t$.
- All extremal graphs are blow-ups of finitely many base graphs.
- Large $K_r$-saturated graphs have vertex covers of size $O(e / \log e)$, tight bounds included.

## Abstract

Given a graph $H$, we say that a graph $G$ is $H$-saturated if $G$ contains no copy of $H$ but adding any new edge to $G$ creates a copy of $H$. Let $sat(n,K_r,t)$ be the minimum number of edges in a $K_r$-saturated graph on $n$ vertices with minimum degree at least $t$. Day showed that for fixed $r \geq 3$ and $t \geq r-2$, $sat(n,K_r,t)=tn-c(r,t)$ for large enough $n$, where $c(r,t)$ is a constant depending on $r$ and $t$, and proved the bounds $$ 2^t t^{3/2} \ll_r c(r,t) \leq t^{t^{2t^2}} $$ for fixed $r$ and large $t$. In this paper we show that for fixed $r$ and large $t$, the order of magnitude of $c(r,t)$ is given by $c(r,t)=\Theta_r \left(4^t t^{-1/2} \right)$. Moreover, we investigate the dependence on $r$, obtaining the estimates $$ \frac{4^{t-r}}{\sqrt{t-r+3}} + r^2 \ll c(r,t) \ll \frac{4^{t-r} \min{(r,\sqrt{t-r+3})}}{\sqrt{t-r+3}} + r^2 \ . $$ We further show that for all $r$ and $t$, there is a finite collection of graphs such that all extremal graphs are blow-ups of graphs in the collection. Using similar ideas, we show that every large $K_r$-saturated graph with $e$ edges has a vertex cover of size $O(e / \log e)$, uniformly in $r \geq 3$. This strengthens a previous result of Pikhurko. We also provide examples for which this bound is tight. A key ingredient in the proofs is a new version of Bollob\'as's Two Families Theorem.