Improving Energy Management of Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Considering Battery Electric-Thermal Model

TL;DR

This paper develops an advanced energy management system for hybrid electric vehicles that incorporates battery thermal dynamics, improving battery lifespan and performance by controlling temperature and state of charge.

Contribution

It introduces a new EMS that models battery temperature dynamics and integrates it into the optimization process, addressing limitations of previous approaches.

Findings

The proposed EMS effectively controls battery temperature and SOC.

Simulation results show reduced battery deterioration.

Neglecting thermal dynamics leads to impractical EMS performance.

Abstract

This article proposes an offline Energy Management System (EMS) for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Dividing the torque between the Electric Motor (EM) and the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) requires a suitable EMS. Batteries are vital to HEVs and significantly impact overall vehicle cost and performance. High temperature and high battery State of Charge (SOC) are the main factors that accelerate battery aging. SOC is the most critical state variable in EMS and was usually considered the only dynamic variable in previous studies. For simplicity, the battery temperature was often assumed to be constant, and the effect of EMS on temperature change was neglected. In this paper, we first apply Dynamic Programming (DP) to a PHEV without considering battery temperature variations. Then, the battery model is improved by modeling the cooling system to take into account temperature variations and show how neglecting the thermal dynamics of the battery in EMS is impractical. Finally, by integrating battery temperature as a state variable in the optimization problem, a new EMS is proposed to control battery temperature and SOC variation. Simulation results of the tested vehicle show that the proposed method controls battery charge and temperature. The proposed EMS method prevents uncontrolled fluctuations in battery temperature and reduces its deterioration rate.