# Computational Orbital Mechanics of Marble Motion on a 3D Printed Surface -- 1. Formal Basis

## TL;DR

This paper demonstrates how a 3D-printed warped surface can be used as an educational tool to simulate and analyze orbital mechanics, providing a hands-on computational approach for undergraduate students.

## Contribution

It introduces a formal analysis method to transform marble motion data on a 3D surface into approximate orbital parameters, extending visualization to a computational orbital mechanics lab.

## Key findings

- Trajectories closely resemble Kepler orbits after projection
- Conservation laws approximately hold in experimental trajectories
- Multiple elliptical orbits with varied eccentricities observed

## Abstract

Simulating curvature due to gravity through warped surfaces is a common visualization aid in Physics education. We reprise a recent experiment exploring orbital trajectories on a precise 3D-printed surface to mimic Newtonian gravity, and elevate this analogy past the status of a mere visualization tool. We present a general analysis approach through which this straightforward experiment can be used to create a reasonably advanced computational orbital mechanics lab at the undergraduate level, creating a convenient hands-on, computational pathway to various non-trivial nuances in this discipline, such as the mean, eccentric, and true anomalies and their computation, Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector conservation, characterization of general orbits, and the extraction of orbital parameters. We show that while the motion of a marble on such a surface does not truly represent a orbital trajectory under Newtonian gravity in a strict theoretical sense, but through a proposed projection procedure, the experimentally recorded trajectories closely resemble the Kepler orbits and approximately respect the known conservation laws for orbital motion. The latter fact is demonstrated through multiple experimentally-recorded elliptical trajectories with wide-ranging eccentricities and semi-major axes. In this first part of this two-part sequence, we lay down the formal basis of this exposition, describing the experiment, its calibration, critical assessment of the results, and the computational procedures for the transformation of raw experimental data into a form useful for orbital analysis.