# Dicke-state preparation through global transverse control of Ising-coupled qubits

## TL;DR

This paper proposes a pulse sequence method to prepare the two-excitation Dicke state in a three-qubit Ising system using global control fields, with robustness analysis and potential generalization to larger systems.

## Contribution

It introduces a controllability-based pulse sequence for Dicke state preparation in all-to-all coupled qubits, including robustness analysis and extension to larger qubit systems.

## Key findings

- Pulse sequence achieves state preparation in approximately 0.95ħ/J time.
- Numerical analysis shows robustness to systematic errors.
- Method can be extended to systems with four or more qubits.

## Abstract

We consider the problem of engineering the two-excitation Dicke state $|D^{3}_{2}\rangle$ in a three-qubit system with all-to-all Ising-type qubit-qubit interaction, which is also subject to global transverse (Zeeman-type) control fields. The theoretical underpinning for our envisioned state-preparation scheme, in which $|000\rangle$ is adopted as the initial state of the system, is provided by a Lie-algebraic result that guarantees state-to-state controllability of this system for an arbitrary choice of initial- and final states that are invariant with respect to permutations of qubits. This scheme is envisaged in the form of a pulse sequence that involves three instantaneous control pulses, which are equivalent to global qubit rotations, and two Ising-interaction pulses of finite durations between consecutive control pulses. The design of this pulse sequence (whose total duration is $T\approx 0.95\:\hbar/J$, where $J$ is the Ising-coupling strength) leans heavily on the concept of the symmetric sector, a four-dimensional, permutationally-invariant subspace of the three-qubit Hilbert space. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed state-preparation scheme by carrying out a detailed numerical analysis of its robustness to systematic errors, i.e. deviations from the optimal values of the eight parameters that characterize the underlying pulse sequence. Finally, we discuss how our proposed scheme can be generalized for engineering Dicke states in systems with $N \ge 4$ qubits. For the sake of illustration, we describe the preparation of the two-excitation Dicke state $|D^{4}_{2}\rangle$ in a four-qubit system.