# Implementation of SNS thermometers into molecular devices for cryogenic thermoelectric experiments

## TL;DR

This paper presents a novel device integrating SNS thermometers into molecular junctions, enabling precise thermoelectric measurements at millikelvin temperatures to study quantum properties and energy conversion efficiency.

## Contribution

The work introduces a new device architecture that combines SNS thermometers with single-molecule devices for accurate temperature measurement at cryogenic levels.

## Key findings

- Thermometer accurately measures electronic temperature from 100 mK to 1.6 K.
- Device enables high-precision thermoelectric experiments on single molecules.
- Potential to improve understanding of quantum thermoelectric phenomena.

## Abstract

Thermocurrent flowing through a single-molecule device contains valuable information about the quantum properties of the molecular structure and, in particular, on its electronic and phononic excitation spectra, and entropy. Furthermore, accessing the thermoelectric heat-to-charge conversion efficiency experimentally can help to select suitable molecules for future energy conversion devices, which - predicted by theoretical studies - could reach unprecedented efficiencies. However, one of the major challenges in quantifying thermocurrents in nanoscale devices is to determine the exact temperature bias applied to the junction. In this work, we have incorporated a superconductor-normal metal-superconductor (SNS) Josephson junction thermometer into a single-molecule device. The critical current of the Josephson junction depends accurately on minute changes of the electronic temperature in a wide temperature range from 100 mK to 1.6 K. Thus, we present a device architecture which can enable thermoelectric experiments on single molecules down to millikelvin temperatures with high precision.