Variable selection in linear regression models: choosing the best subset is not always the best choice

TL;DR

This study compares various variable selection methods in linear regression, revealing that best subset selection is not always superior, especially with correlated variables or lower signal-to-noise ratios.

Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive neutral comparison of BSS, FSS, Lasso, and Enet, challenging the assumption that BSS is always the best choice.

Findings

BSS outperforms others mainly in high SNR and uncorrelated variables.

FSS performs nearly as well as BSS across many settings.

Enet and other alternatives are faster and often better with correlated predictors.

Abstract

Variable selection in linear regression settings is a much discussed problem. Best subset selection (BSS) is often considered the intuitive 'gold standard', with its use being restricted only by its NP-hard nature. Alternatives such as the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) or the elastic net (Enet) have become methods of choice in high-dimensional settings. A recent proposal represents BSS as a mixed integer optimization problem so that much larger problems have become feasible in reasonable computation time. We present an extensive neutral comparison assessing the variable selection performance, in linear regressions, of BSS compared to forward stepwise selection (FSS), Lasso and Enet. The simulation study considers a wide range of settings that are challenging with regard to dimensionality (with respect to the number of observations and variables), signal-to-noise ratios and correlations between predictors. As main measure of performance, we used the best possible F1-score for each method to ensure a fair comparison irrespective of any criterion for choosing the tuning parameters, and results were confirmed by alternative performance measures. Somewhat surprisingly, it was only in settings where the signal-to-noise ratio was high and the variables were (nearly) uncorrelated that BSS reliably outperformed the other methods, even in low-dimensional settings. Further, the FSS's performance was nearly identical to BSS. Our results shed new light on the usual presumption of BSS being, in principle, the best choice for variable selection. Especially for correlated variables, alternatives like Enet are faster and appear to perform better in practical settings.