# On the analysis of waveguide modes in an electromagnetic transmission line

## TL;DR

This paper proves the existence, density, and orthogonality of waveguide modes as eigenfunctions of a non-symmetric eigenvalue problem, facilitating better understanding and computational modeling of electromagnetic waveguides.

## Contribution

It generalizes existing results by establishing mode existence, density, and orthogonality under realistic conditions using Keldysh's methods.

## Key findings

- Modes form a dense set in the relevant function space.
- Modes satisfy an orthogonality property.
- Dirichlet-to-Neumann map can be computed explicitly.

## Abstract

Modal expansions are useful to understand wave propagation in an infinite electromagnetic transmission line or waveguide. They can also be used to construct generalized Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps that can be used to provide artificial boundary conditions for truncating a computational domain when discretizing the field by finite elements. The modes of a waveguide arise as eigenfunctions of a non-symmetric eigenvalue problem, and the eigenvalues determine the propagation (or decay) of the modes along the waveguide. For the successful use of waveguide modes, it is necessary to know that the modes exist and form a dense set in a suitable function space containing the trace of the electric field in the waveguide. This paper is devoted to proving such a density result using the methods of Keldysh. We also show that the modes satisfy a useful orthogonality property, and show how the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map can be calculated. Our existence and density results are proved under realistic regularity assumptions on the cross section of the waveguide, and the electromagnetic properties of the materials in the waveguide, so generalizing existing results.