# Efficient Context Integration through Factorized Pyramidal Learning for Ultra-Lightweight Semantic Segmentation

## TL;DR

This paper introduces FPLNet, a lightweight neural network for real-time semantic segmentation that balances accuracy and efficiency by using a novel factorized pyramidal learning module and feature-image reinforcement.

## Contribution

It proposes a novel Factorized Pyramidal Learning (FPL) module and a Feature-Image Reinforcement (FIR) unit to improve context aggregation and feature fusion in ultra-lightweight models.

## Key findings

- FPLNet achieves 66.93% mIoU on Cityscapes with less than 0.5 million parameters.
- FPLNet processes at 95.5 FPS, enabling real-time applications.
- The proposed modules outperform existing lightweight models in accuracy-efficiency trade-offs.

## Abstract

Semantic segmentation is a pixel-level prediction task to classify each pixel of the input image. Deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have been extremely successful in achieving excellent performances in this domain. However, mobile application, such as autonomous driving, demand real-time processing of incoming stream of images. Hence, achieving efficient architectures along with enhanced accuracy is of paramount importance. Since, accuracy and model size of CNNs are intrinsically contentious in nature, the challenge is to achieve a decent trade-off between accuracy and model size. To address this, we propose a novel Factorized Pyramidal Learning (FPL) module to aggregate rich contextual information in an efficient manner. On one hand, it uses a bank of convolutional filters with multiple dilation rates which leads to multi-scale context aggregation; crucial in achieving better accuracy. On the other hand, parameters are reduced by a careful factorization of the employed filters; crucial in achieving lightweight models. Moreover, we decompose the spatial pyramid into two stages which enables a simple and efficient feature fusion within the module to solve the notorious checkerboard effect. We also design a dedicated Feature-Image Reinforcement (FIR) unit to carry out the fusion operation of shallow and deep features with the downsampled versions of the input image. This gives an accuracy enhancement without increasing model parameters. Based on the FPL module and FIR unit, we propose an ultra-lightweight real-time network, called FPLNet, which achieves state-of-the-art accuracy-efficiency trade-off. More specifically, with only less than 0.5 million parameters, the proposed network achieves 66.93\% and 66.28\% mIoU on Cityscapes validation and test set, respectively. Moreover, FPLNet has a processing speed of 95.5 frames per second (FPS).