UV-FIR SED modeling of AGN in IR-luminous galaxies up to z~2.5: Understanding the effects of torus models

TL;DR

This study uses UV-FIR SED modeling to analyze the properties of IR-luminous galaxies up to z~2.5, focusing on the impact of torus models on understanding obscured AGN contributions.

Contribution

It introduces a broader range of AGN torus models in SED fitting, revealing higher obscuration and bolometric luminosities, and highlights potential underestimations in previous studies.

Findings

Broader AGN models improve fit quality and reveal higher obscuration.

Many galaxies host dust-obscured, bolometrically significant AGN.

Simplified models may underestimate AGN contributions in composite galaxies.

Abstract

UV-FIR SED modeling is an effective way to disentangle emission between star formation (SF) and active galactic nuclei (AGN) in galaxies; however, this approach becomes uncertain for composite AGN/SF galaxies that comprise 50-70% of IR-samples. Cosmic X-ray background (XRB) models require a large fraction of obscured AGN to reproduce the observed XRB peak, motivating reliable SED analyses in objects where the AGN may be ``buried" in the galaxy and in the mid-IR to far-IR SED. In this paper, we study a 24$\mu$m-selected ($S_{24}$ > 100$\mu$Jy) sample of 95 galaxies with $0 \% < f_{MIR,AGN} < 100 \%$, 0.4 < z < 2.7, and $10^{11}$L$_{\odot}$ < L$_{IR}$ < $10^{13}$L$_{\odot}$. We test the performance of AGN models ranging in torus optical depth via SED fitting, comparing results with Spitzer MIR spectroscopy and X-ray observations. Best-fit torus optical depth can shed light on whether these galaxies host a luminous obscured AGN population. We find that permitting a broader AGN SED parameter space results in improved fit quality with higher optical depths, higher FIR AGN contributions, and higher $L_{Bol}$, impacting the bright-end of the $L_{Bol}$ luminosity function. Our results suggest there may be a population of dust-obscured composites that are bolometrically significant but have their AGN mostly hidden in the mid-IR SED. If so, literature applications of SED fitting that often simplify AGN models or omit optically thick tori may largely underestimate AGN contribution from composite sources, as these sources are both numerous and have solutions sensitive to the assumed range of AGN models.