Three-dimensional dynamics of strongly twisted magnetar magnetospheres: Kinking flux tubes and global eruptions

TL;DR

This paper explores 3D twisted magnetar magnetospheres, revealing instabilities like kink dynamics and energy dissipation mechanisms that can explain various X-ray outbursts and potentially produce fast radio bursts.

Contribution

It introduces 3D models of magnetar magnetospheres capturing non-axisymmetric dynamics and energy dissipation, advancing understanding beyond previous 2D studies.

Findings

Up to 25% of twist energy dissipated in eruptions

Most energy releases are below 10^43 erg, matching common X-ray outbursts

Global eruptions can produce outflows relevant for fast radio burst models

Abstract

The origins of the various outbursts of hard X-rays from magnetars (highly magnetized neutron stars) are still unknown. We identify instabilities in relativistic magnetospheres that can explain a range of X-ray flare luminosities. Crustal surface motions can twist the magnetar magnetosphere by shifting the frozen-in footpoints of magnetic field lines in current-carrying flux bundles. Axisymmetric (2D) magnetospheres exhibit strong eruptive dynamics, as to say, catastrophic lateral instabilities triggered by a critical footpoint displacement of $\psi_{\rm crit}\gtrsim\pi$. In contrast, our new three-dimensional (3D) twist models with finite surface extension capture important non-axisymmetric dynamics of twisted force-free flux bundles in dipolar magnetospheres. Besides the well-established global eruption resulting (as in 2D) from lateral instabilities, such 3D structures can develop helical, kink-like dynamics, and dissipate energy locally (confined eruptions). Up to $25\%$ of the induced twist energy is dissipated and available to power X-ray flares in powerful global eruptions, with most of our models showing an energy release in the range of the most common X-ray outbursts, $\lesssim 10^{43}$erg. Such events occur when significant energy builds up deeply buried in the dipole magnetosphere. Less energetic outbursts likely precede powerful flares, due to intermittent instabilities and confined eruptions of a continuously twisting flux tube. Upon reaching a critical state, global eruptions produce the necessary Poynting-flux-dominated outflows required by models prescribing the fast radio burst production in the magnetar wind -- for example, via relativistic magnetic reconnection or shocks.