Development of a prototype superconducting radio-frequency cavity for conduction-cooled accelerators

TL;DR

This paper reports the development and successful testing of a conduction-cooled superconducting RF cavity with high surface magnetic field, suitable for low-energy accelerators in environmental applications, demonstrating the highest performance to date.

Contribution

The paper introduces a novel conduction-cooled SRF cavity design with a Nb$_3$Sn film, achieving record peak magnetic fields and stable operation, advancing practical applications of conduction-cooled SRF linacs.

Findings

Achieved a peak surface magnetic field of 50 mT in conduction-cooled SRF cavity.

Demonstrated stable operation with 18.5 W rf heat load.

Cavity meets the requirements for 1 MeV energy gain.

Abstract

The higher efficiency of superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities compared to normal-conducting ones enables the development of high-energy continuous-wave linear accelerators (linacs). Recent progress in the development of high-quality Nb$_3$Sn film coatings along with the availability of cryocoolers with high cooling capacity at 4 K makes it feasible to operate SRF cavities cooled by thermal conduction at relevant accelerating gradients for use in accelerators. A possible use of conduction-cooled SRF linacs is for environmental applications, requiring electron beams with energy of $1 - 10$ MeV and 1 MW of power. We have designed a 915 MHz SRF linac for such an application and developed a prototype single-cell cavity to prove the proposed design by operating it with cryocoolers at the accelerating gradient required for 1 MeV energy gain. The cavity has a $\sim 3$ $\mu$m thick Nb$_3$Sn film on the inner surface, deposited on a $\sim4$ mm thick bulk Nb substrate and a bulk $\sim7$ mm thick Cu outer shell with three Cu attachment tabs. The cavity was tested up to a peak surface magnetic field of 53 mT in liquid He at 4.3 K. A horizontal test cryostat was designed and built to test the cavity cooled with three Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers. The rf tests of the conduction-cooled cavity, performed at General Atomics, achieved a peak surface magnetic field of 50 mT and stable operation was possible with up to 18.5 W of rf heat load. The peak frequency shift due to microphonics was 23 Hz. These results represent the highest peak surface magnetic field achieved in a conduction-cooled SRF cavity to date and meet the requirements for a 1 MeV energy gain.