Microstructural diversity, nucleation paths and phase behaviour in binary mixtures of charged colloidal spheres

TL;DR

This study explores the microstructural diversity and phase behavior of binary charged colloidal spheres, revealing complex nucleation pathways and metastable alloy formations influenced by experimental conditions and gradients.

Contribution

It provides a detailed comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation processes, highlighting the impact of gradients and deionization on microstructure diversity in colloidal mixtures.

Findings

Substitutional alloys form via homogeneous nucleation in bulk.

Heterogeneous nucleation in slit cells leads to diverse microstructures.

Alloy phases are mechanically stable but thermodynamically metastable.

Abstract

We study low-salt, binary aqueous suspensions of charged colloidal spheres of size ratio Phi = 0.57, number densities below the eutectic number density n_E, and number fractions of p = 1.00-0.40. The typical phase obtained by solidification from a homogeneous shear-melt is a substitutional alloy of body centred cubic structure. In strictly gas-tight vials, the polycrystalline solid is stable against melting and further phase transformation for extended times. For comparison, we prepare the same samples also by slow and mechanically undisturbed deionization in commercial slit cells. These cells feature a complex but well reproducible sequence of global and local gradients in salt concentration, number density and composition as induced by successive deionization, phoretic transport and differential settling of the components, respectively. Moreover, they provide an extended bottom surface suitable for heterogeneous nucleation of the beta-phase. We give a detailed qualitative characterization of the crystallization processes using imaging and optical microscopy. By contrast to the bulk samples, the initial alloy formation in slit cells is not volume-filling, and we now observe also alpha- and beta-phases with low solubility of the odd component. In addition to the initial homogeneous nucleation route, the interplay of gradients opens various further crystallization and transformation pathways leading to a great diversity of microstructures. Upon subsequent increase in salt concentration, crystals melt again. Wall-based, pebble-shaped beta-phase crystals and facetted alpha-crystals melt last. Our observations suggest that the substitutional alloys formed in bulk experiments by homogeneous nucleation and subsequent growth are mechanically stable in the absence of solid-fluid interfaces but thermodynamically metastable.