Local controllability of the Korteweg-de Vries equation with the right Dirichlet control

TL;DR

This paper investigates the local controllability of the Korteweg-de Vries equation with right Dirichlet control, providing a complete characterization of critical lengths, unreachable spaces, and controllability properties, including surprising distinctions from related systems.

Contribution

It characterizes all critical lengths and unreachable spaces for the KdV system with right Dirichlet control and establishes new controllability results, especially for critical lengths.

Findings

Unreachable space is always of dimension 1.

The system is not locally null controllable in small time.

Existence of critical lengths where the system is exactly controllable in finite time.

Abstract

The Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation with the right Dirichlet control was initially investigated more than twenty years ago. It was shown that this system is small time, locally, exactly controllable for all non-critical lengths and its linearized system is not controllable for {\it all} critical lengths. Even though the controllability of the KdV system has been studied extensively in the last two decades, the local controllability of this system for critical lengths remains an open question. In this paper, we give a definitive answer to this question. First, we characterize all critical lengths and the corresponding unreachable space for the linearized system. In particular, we show that the unreachable space is always of dimension 1. Second, we prove that the KdV system with the right Dirichlet control is not locally null controllable in small time. Third, we give a criterion to determine whether the system is locally exactly controllable in finite time or {\it not} locally null controllable in any positive time for {\it all} critical lengths. Consequently, we show that there exist critical lengths such that the system is not locally null controllable in small time but is locally exactly controllable in finite time. These facts are surprising and distinct in comparison with related known results. First, it is known that the corresponding KdV system with the right zero Dirichlet is locally exactly controllable in small time using internal controls. Second, the unreachable space of the linearized system of the corresponding KdV system with the right Neumann control might be of arbitrary dimension. Third, the KdV system with the right Neumann control is locally exactly controllable in small time if the corresponding unreachable space is of dimension 1.