Study of chaos in rotating galaxies using extended force-gradient symplectic methods

TL;DR

This paper investigates chaotic dynamics in rotating galaxy models using advanced extended force-gradient symplectic integrators, demonstrating their effectiveness in capturing regular and chaotic orbital behaviors influenced by potential perturbations.

Contribution

It introduces and applies an optimized extended force-gradient symplectic method to study chaos in rotating galaxy models, improving numerical accuracy over standard methods.

Findings

Chaos increases with more radial terms in potential series.

Regular and chaotic orbits share similar structures across models.

Optimized symplectic method outperforms standard integrators.

Abstract

We take into account the dynamics of three types of models of rotating galaxies in polar coordinates in a rotating frame. Due to non-axisymmetric potential perturbations, the angular momentum varies with time, and the kinetic energy depends on the momenta and spatial coordinate. The existing explicit force-gradient symplectic integrators are not applicable to such Hamiltonian problems, but the recently extended force-gradient symplectic methods proposed in a previous work are. Numerical comparisons show that the extended force-gradient fourth-order symplectic method with symmetry is superior to the standard fourth-order symplectic method but inferior to the optimized extended force-gradient fourth-order symplectic method in accuracy. The optimized extended algorithm with symmetry is used to explore the dynamical features of regular and chaotic orbits in these rotating galaxy models. The gravity effects and the degree of chaos increase with an increase of the number of the radial terms in the series expansions of the potential. There are similar dynamical structures of regular and chaotical orbits in the three types of models for the same number of the radial terms in the series expansions, energy and initial conditions.